Since 1870 we’ve lived and breathed malting. With this passion and expertise, and by combining traditional and modern techniques, we create an impressive range of malted and non-malted products, including several unique and exclusive barley malts.
We have a wide range of malts suitable for brewing and distilling to provide you with the foundations for creating your next beer or whisky.
There is nothing more we love than talking to brewers and distillers so if you have any questions, or would like to arrange a call with a member of our team, please feel free to get in touch – we would love to hear from you!
The life of a farmer
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So, here’s a question.
How many pints of beer can be brewed from the barley grown on one square meter of soil?
Yep, it depends on location, growing conditions, and farming practices. And yep, the grain needs to be malted before it’s used for brewing. So, this is just a ballpark figure.
A square meter of land. Barley on it. How much beer?
Scroll to the end for the ballpark answer.
Another question. Or two.
What goes into growing and producing the barley grain in that square meter or that hectare of land, and what are the considerations?
Well, that’s a bit more complicated. Much more complicated. And also fascinating.
Come along to our Crisp Malt Open Day at our UK Maltings in June or to one of our roadshow seminars worldwide, and we can delve into things in detail. But for the moment, we’ve gone through just some of the things barley farmers have to consider and some of the things they must contend with.
What we cover here is just the tip of the iceberg. Yes, there are so many more technical details we’d love to share, so if your curiosity has been aroused, get in touch with our Tech Support Team.
Six-row barley, such as Planet and Laureate, produces 25 – 60 grains per ear, and two-row barley, such as Craft, Chevallier, and Electrum, 20 – 30 grains per ear. Six-row varieties are normally higher-yielding, but two-row varieties often produce better-quality grain.
Winter varieties, such as Maris Otter barley and Craft are sown from mid-September to early November; spring varieties, such as Laureate and Planet, from January to early April here in the UK.
Seeds and small seedlings can tolerate frosts – but frosts significantly damage crops that are further forward. Bearing in mind that germination begins when temperatures reach 10 to 30C, it all makes for a fine judgment call on planting times.
Too forward plants are also susceptible to foliar disease and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Yet all this has to be balanced against the need for early enough sowing for the crop to develop a good root system and become well-tillered before winter.
The right soil type is critical, and it’s important to note that barley doesn’t like organic, very fertile soils. It prefers thin chalk and limestone soils with a pH of around 6.5. The seedbed must be fine and dense with a soil structure for good drainage.
Barley likes warmth and plenty of sunshine in the summer and isn’t keen on getting too wet and soggy. The relatively low rainfall and sunny climes of the east of Britain suit it well. The country’s northern latitude fulfills its penchant for long hours of daylight. The gentle sea breezes that reach the farms of barley growers in the east of England, especially in Norfolk, and also Moray in Scotland, contribute to the cultivation of what might be—or indeed what is probably—the best barley in the world.
Even if the climate is ideal, that doesn’t mean the weather always works for the farmer. You need a certain level of moisture in the ground, but just when you’d planned to sow, it pours down – and your fields are too damp for planting. Just when you’d planned to harvest, a storm flattens parts of your crop. You want to harvest the grain as dry as possible, as drying is energy-intensive and hugely expensive. But the prevailing weather might mean your choices are very limited.
Roots need to push down into the wet soil, so seeds are drilled in at 3 – 5 cm when there is some moisture around to support germination. As the AHDB (Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board) says,
“Initially, water penetrates the seed coat (imbibition), softening the hard, dry tissues inside. Good contact between seed and soil speeds up water transfer, which is particularly important in drier seedbeds. Water uptake activates the embryo and allows plant hormones to be transported through seed tissues.
” Very wet or near-saturated soil conditions reduce the oxygen diffusion rate. In such conditions, despite normal imbibition, oxygen becomes limiting and reduces germination.”
Nitrogen supports early rapid growth of crops, leaf development, and size, higher yields, grain size, and protein (again, a balancing act for the farmer, as, of course, you’re after a low protein/nitrogen malt)
Synthetic fertilizers are energy-intensive to produce and are created from fossil fuels. In their full life cycle, they are responsible for around 5% of all greenhouse gas emissions, which presents another conundrum for farmers to consider.
Crisp Malt is working closely with our farming partners to support them in their efforts to reduce their carbon footprint.
Aphids spread BYDV (barley yellow dwarf virus) and can lead to a 50% loss in yield in winter barley varieties. Two applications of aphicides in the growing cycle may be necessary to keep the little blighters under control.
Many airborne diseases can affect barley crops, not least mildew, brown rust, and mosaic virus, the latter of which need the farmer to introduce crop rotation to help keep it under control. Then there’s ramularia, a leaf spot fungus that affects sugar beat and barley and is hard to manage given the resistance it has acquired to the most common fungicides.
Black grass, chickweed, and wild oats can cause a real headache, not just because of concern around certain sprays (glysophate in particular) but also because of a buildup of weed resistance to those sprays.
So coming back to that question about what goes into growing the barley grain in that square meter or that hectare of land, let’s say there’s more to it than meets the eye.
When you’re busy getting ready to start a mash, you may not think of everything farmers must do to deliver top-quality barley to us maltsters.
Just like when people are busy ordering their pint of beer or dram of whisky, they may not be thinking of everything you’ve done to achieve the perfect drink.
But, here at Crisp, our supply chain matters, and we’re proud of what our farmers achieve – we hope it matters to you, too.
With curiosity comes appreciation
But there’s something about delving backward or forwards in the supply chain that is deeply rewarding.
One of our company values is curiosity. Our team members love to understand the minutiae of what goes on in the barley field, distillery, and brewhouse—as well as in our own maltings, of course.
We think that knowledge of and interest in the supply chain make us better at what we do, more engaged, more motivated, and more appreciative. It makes us truly appreciate the skills, dedication, creativity, and resilience of our farmer suppliers and our brewer and distiller customers.
So next time you’re out and about, raise a glass to the land. Cheer on those fantastic farmers who nurture it so skillfully, producing the very best quality malting barley for us so that we can provide you with the finest malt for brewing and distilling.
Around 8 pints
